The Crucible - Thomas Putnam :: Arthur Millers The Crucible

Thomas Putnam plays a major role in the Salem bewitch hunt in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Inheriting a handsome amount of property makes Putnam a wealthy person however, it doesnt seem to satisfy his ambition. After the town terribly rejected Putnams brother-in-law, Bayley, Putnams bitterness has increased. Finally his pompous involvement in the relentless accusations places him in the center of the spot light, making him a salient character in both the play and the indignant uttermost of the American history.Thomas Putnam has a very large part in initiating the Salem witch hunt. He is the first character who blames unnatural causes for the illness among the children. Furthermore, he firmly believes in the existence of vengeful spirits layin hands on these children(15). There is a murderous witch among us, he vehemently cries out(16). His action isnt surprising because he has wooly-minded seven newborns and his Ruth is sick. He wants to hunt down the witch, but he needs some ai d. He lays his eyes on Parris because Parris is the minister and Betty is also ill. Thus, Putnam tries to nip Parris to witchcraft. Declare it yourself, Putnam tells Parris, you have discovered witchcraft(16). At this point, Putnam captures everyones attention, and then he strikes.Thomas Putnam is behind the accusations toward many people. Did you ever see Sarah beloved with him, he questions Tituba, or Osburn?(46). With fear and panic, Tituba confesses she sees the Devil with them. Sarah Good and Osburn are insignificant in Salem. They certainly dont satisfy Putnams fastidious demand, so he moves on to the next victim and eventually accuses Rebecca Nurse. For murder, shes charged For the marvelous and spectral murder of Goody Putnams babies(71). Putnam truly stands out of the crowd this time. He is perhaps the only person corrupt enough to accuse Rebecca. Last but non to the least he manipulated his daughter to accuse George Jacobs. Does Putnam simply wants to killed the witche s and save the children? No, there is something bigger he is after. Thomas Putnam profits remarkably in the Salem witch hunt . The person who initiates the event receives all the benefit. Is it a coincident? It is not. Thomas Putnam must have a plan. At the beginning of the play, the argument between Putnam, Giles, and keep an eye on shows contentions between people over land. The tract is in my bounds, its my bounds, Mr.

Characterization in Sister Carrie Essay -- Sister Carrie Essays

Characterization in Sister Carrie The theme of unrequited love and unfulfilled ambitions, against a backdrop of a nation being transformed by industrialism and capitalism, provides the substance of Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie. During the late 19th Century we encounter three main characters who demonstrate this implicit in(p) motif Carrie Meeber, Charles H. Drouet, and George W. Hurstwood. Carrie will fulfill many of her desires for riches and success, but her insatiable appetite will leave her feeling dissatisfied at the end of the unused and all alone. With respect to the two men who most covet her affections, Charles Drouet and George Hurstwood we have a study in contrasts. About the only thing Drouet and Hurstwood have in common is that they both desire Carries love. Both Drouet and Hurstwood love Carrie, but Drouet is a materialist and Hurstwood is a romanticist - a fact that will enable Drouet to survive the neediness of Carrie as Hurstwood commits suicide over the los s. From early in the novel we see Drouet established as a representative of the new America - industrialism, capitalism, and nouveau riche successes. When Carrie meets Drouet on the train, his courtesy and fine dress come upon her but they are only a cover for an identity that believes he needs to impress another(prenominal)s to be successful. In other words, Drouets manners and attitudes are put on like so many new clothes, discarded when they no longer fit his purposes. However, it is exactly these superficial qualities that impress Carrie Meeber, a young woman on her way to Chicago to make her way in the world. Carrie eventually succumbs to the clothes, money, and housing Drouet lavishes on her, but it is her desires and his money that plug into them ... ... to escape the reality of their lives through material pursuits. Hurstwood cannot do so and as a result succumbs to this inability in the face of such heartaches and losses. WORKS CITED Eby, C. V. heathenish and hi storical contexts in Sister Carrie. Univ. of Pennsylvania Library. Available http//www. library.upenn.edu/special/dreiser/scculhist.html, 2001 1-5. Moers, E. The Blizzard. In Sister Carrie. Edited by Donald Pizer, (2nd edit.). impudent York W. W. Norton & Co., 1991 525-533. Dreiser, T. Sister Carrie. Edited by Donald Pizer, (2nd edit.). New York W. W. Norton & Co., 1991. Warren, R. P. Sister Carrie. In Sister Carrie. Edited by Donald Pizer, (2nd edit.). New York W. W. Norton & Co., 1991 534-542. 1

How Do You Define Advice :: Defintion Essays

How Do You Define AdviceAdvice, in my mind, is a form of one person helping another person out whether it is in words or actions. About 90% of the time, I believe advice comes in the form of words. Advice can be verbally spoken to several(prenominal)body, or typed/written and given to somebody. In each example, its advice thats being given to help somebody out. The other way I mentioned was advice given by actions. In my own life, Im trying to quit smoking cigarettes and determination it hard especially when I look around and see others doing it. However, the advice I receive when I look around are from those not smoking and those hacking and ptyalize because they smoke. Its sort of subliminal for me in the sense that Ill be hacking and spitting if I dont quit. So theyre giving advice to me in the form of their actions.In mentioning what advice is and how its given, I ask myself how it works. This happens to be a rough question seeing how advice isnt this little piece of gum on t he bottom of my shoe that I can just pick absent and toss away. So know I find help in the example of bath Sweat and his mechanic friend to help explain how advice works. John was stuck in a pickle jar and wasnt sure what to do. But his friend knew w here(predicate) he was in the jar (because he had been there himself), and decided to offer some advice. John was able to get unstuck because he listened to his friend and took his advice, believing that his friend knew what he was speaking more or less, and sensing his sincerity. By looking at this example, I have come to the conclusion that advice works when one person takes a conscious (or in my smoking example - an unconscious) effort, to give somebody an honest, experienced point-of-view about a situation in order to give that person help. From there, the advice will only work if the person receiving the advice takes it to heart and uses it. OK, so if this is how it works, what are some slipway that it doesnt work? Well, it doe snt work when the advice giver is trying to use his advice given for his own personal gain. I believe the dark forces are at work here and therefore, they cannot succeed Another way advice given doesnt work is when the person receiving the advice doesnt take it, like in my example of getting advice from my Dad.

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Education Teachers Teaching Essays

Teaching Philosophy Statement There have been many teachers come and go in my life, but exclusively a few really stand out. The reason I compliments to teach is because of these few teachers that have touched my life. A unique world of opportunity rests within an educational system. The ability to influence minds is a wonderful thing. I dont involve to be one of those ordinary teachers I want to sprain an exceptional teacher. I want to be the teacher that everyone values. I understand that it will take a lot of hard work to become this type of teacher, but Im willing to do so. I hope to be a positive influence on my students. I want to be able to motivate my students, and give them a full opportunity to learn. I wish for the students who leave my classroom to have accomplished independence, knowledge, and self-discipline. I take these three aspects are the aspects of an effective classroom environment. My philosophy on education is an eclectic philosophy. I find that I lean toward the essentialist philosophy. Wanting to be a science teacher, I believe that natural sciences should be a core curriculum. Although I feel that lecture and discussion are great ways to lean, I think a variety of methods should be used. I think an effective classroom should obtain other methods of learning such as cooperative learning, dominance learning, project based instruction along with direct instruction. I believe that academic rigor is an essential component of education. I believe students should master trustworthy key materials before being passed on to the next grade level. Other than essentialism, I find another philosophy I lean toward is perrenialism. What makes me lean toward perrenialism is that I believe that methods such as problem solving, discussion, lecture, critical thinking, and questioning should be used in every classroom. As a science teacher I would think that problem solving would be the best way to educate my student s. My goals for the future are to graduate from Concord with a Bachelors in Science Education of grades 9-12. I then intend on maybe teaching and then going on to obtain a Masters degree.

Antigone And Ismene Essay -- essays research papers

Antigone and Ismene     The personalities of the two sisters Antigone and Ismene, atomic number 18 asdifferent from one another as tempered steel is from a hunk of cotton. One ishard and resistant the other pliable, absorbing and soft. Antigone wouldhave been a strong, successful 90s type woman with her liberated and strongattitude towards her femininity, while Ismene seems to be a more dependent1950s style woman. Antigone acts as a free spirit, a defiant individual,while Ismene is content to recognize her own limitations and her inferiority of universe a woman.In the Greek tragedy "Antigone", by Sophocles Antigone learns thatKing Creon has refused to give a proper burial for the slain Polyneices,brother of Ismene and Antigone. Infuriated by this injustice, Antigone sharesthe tragical news with Ismene. From her first response, "No, I have heardnothing"(344). Ismene reveals her passivity and bemusedness in the light ofCreons decree. Thus, from the start, Ismene is characterized as traditionally"feminine", a helpless woman that pays no mind to political affairs. Doubtingthe wisdom of her sisters plan to break the law and bury Polyneices, Ismeneargues          We who are women should not contend with men          we who are weak are ruled by the stronger, so that        &...

Antigone And Ismene Essay -- essays research papers

Antigone and Ismene     The personalities of the two sisters Antigone and Ismene, are asdifferent from one another as tempered marque is from a ball of cotton. One ishard and resistant the other pliable, absorbing and soft. Antigone wouldhave been a strong, successful 90s type woman with her liberated and strong locating towards her femininity, while Ismene seems to be a more dependent1950s style woman. Antigone acts as a free spirit, a defiant individual,while Ismene is content to recognize her knowledge limitations and her inferiority ofbeing a woman.In the Greek tragedy "Antigone", by Sophocles Antigone learns thatKing Creon has refused to give a proper burial for the slain Polyneices,brother of Ismene and Antigone. fierce by this injustice, Antigone sharesthe tragic news with Ismene. From her first response, "No, I have heardnothing"(344). Ismene reveals her passivity and helplessness in the light ofCreons decree. Thus, from the start, Isme ne is characterized as traditionally" fair(prenominal)", a helpless woman that pays no mind to political affairs. Doubtingthe wisdom of her sisters plan to break the law and bury Polyneices, Ismeneargues          We who are women should not reason with men          we who are weak are ruled by the stronger, so that        &...

In the Heart of the Sea

In the centre of attention of the Sea The novel In the Heart of the Sea The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex, by Nathaniel Philbrick, successfully tells the story of the hulk ship Essex that was attacked by a sperm monster 1,500 nautical miles west of the Galapagos, 40 miles southern of the equator. Many people know this as the story of Moby Dick, which was based off this event. The novel highlights third themes man versus nature, survival, and suffering. The novel starts out in the township of Nantucket, an island off the eastern coast of New England.Nantucket, at this time, is known as angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most successful whaling ports. Docked on the port was the famous Essex, a 20 year whaling ride. The Essex is the pride of Nantucket. It is 87 feet long, 238 tons, equipped with 12 sails and carried several smaller whaling boats that were used when a whale was spotted. After lasting many years, the Essex developed a reputation for being a lucky ship. Many voy ages lasted around both to triad years in the Pacific Ocean. Many young boys, much(prenominal) as Thomas notcherson, joined whaling conspiracys at a young age.These crews were mixed of experienced whalers and green hands, hands who clear never sailed on a whaling ship. Usually, these new crew members would earn around $150 for two years work, so the experienced workers made the most of these green hands. Nantucket was known for its whale products, and was considered the whaling capital of the world. Whale anele was used to fuel lamps and making lamps (because there is no electricity, gas or kerosene). It is also used in margarine, shoe polish and soap. Baleen is a warmheartedness that comes from the mouths of the whale.They can be found in many wo workforces clothing. These two important goods come from whales and the only way to obtain the oil and baleen is to micturate a voyage out to see and find the whales. At the beginning of the novel, we ar introduced to the town of Nantucket and whaling business. His discussions of this set us up for the events following later in the book. Philbrick also talks about the relationship between the colonists in Nantucket. They are very close, drawn together by their Quaker religion, similar experiences, and their interests in whaling.In the town, there is a hierarchy in spite of appearance the people. Where a person lived in the town was based on what rank they are in their society. The captains theater would usually have the best view of the harbor. The seven black crewmen who were brought all over to the crew were out casted, and relied on each other. The novel highlights the dangers of being a whaler. juvenile crewmen, such as Nickerson, were there to gain experience for future journeys. Nantucket was brought together by the whaling industry, and the community would usually see ships off before they took off.The Essex sailed off from Nantucket on August 12, 1819 under the command of 28 year-old Captain George poll, Jr. He spent the last four years on the Essex, and knew it very well. However, Philbrick points out that trim was not ready for be a captain, and we see why later on in the book. Owen come after is the captains beginning check spouse, and Matthew Joy was the s mate. The Essex was operated with a 21-man crew. In chapter 2, Philbrick describes the ship. Also, in this chapter, we get a feel for the isolation of the outsiders. The captain and his mates would sleep in cabins that were in the back of the ship, next, the Nantucket colonists would stay in the steerage, and the blacks, separated by the blubber room, stayed in front of the boat. After they embark on their journey, the men begin to complain about their rations. canvass, was qualified to talk them into remission for what they had, establishing his power and authority. In chapter 5, on November 20, the crew spots whales 40 miles south of the equator. Chase and his crew go subsequently(prenominal) a whale, which destroys their boat with its tail.When they bring their boat back to the Essex, they spot a huge sperm whale near the bow of the ship calmly and quietly floating along the surface of the water. The whale began to move quickly towards the ship. The men try to steer Essex away from the whale, however are unsuccessful. The whale rams the ship with its head, and the men are amazed. After the whale revives itself, it laid low(p) the ship again, causing the Essex to sink bow-first. The men board their whaleboats after a night of preparation of leaving the Essex. They stripped the sails of the ship and attached them to their boats.The waves splashed over the boat, causing the work to be more difficult. The next morning, the boats take off. Chase and Pollard talk of where to go now that their ship has sunk. They speak about passing to the Galapagos Islands, but Pollard noticed the wind direction would not allow them to go there. Next, they speak about the Marquesas, in the west. Th e men had heard that the inhabitants of the island were cannibals. South of the Marquesas were the Tauamotu Archipelago Islands, but the men had also heard that the islands have a bad reputation.In this conversation, we notice the colonists outlook on the unknown. They share a genius of togetherness within each other and no one else. We see this in the attitude of the colonists towards the black crewmen. Pollard decides to sail towards the Society Islands. There, Pollard saw a safer environs with little threat. Chase and Joy argue that the Society Islands would not be a good place to sail towards, and they could sail towards Chile or Peru instead. Pollard conforms to this decision. Here we see that Pollard has become less authoritative after the Essex sinks.In their first three weeks in the boats, the men faced many hardships. They faced proclivity and hunger. Their skin had been burnt, salt water burned their sores, and the men, being as weak as they were, were unable to row the boats. On top of all that, another whale attacks Pollards boat. The men spot an island in the distance and conclude that they have arrived at Henderson Island. There, they found fresh water and ate crabs and birds. They were able to revive themselves, and this gave them a fighting chance of survival. Three men chose to stay on the island while the others left.Pollard promised he would rescue them after he reached South the States. They growth back to the ocean, and the men face the same obstacles they faced before they found Henderson Island. The men faced hunger but were still hydrated from the water equanimous at Henderson Island. Many accepted they werent going to live, and gave up their rations. Joy dies in the voyage, and the men bury him at dead. Bad turns to worse when the men pee-pee there is only enough hardtack to last a day or two. On January 20, Lawson Thomas, a black crew member, dies, and the crew contemplates turning to cannibalism.The men concluded that in order to survive, they must eat the dead crew members. It is ironic that the men turned to cannibalism, because they feared the inhabitants of the Marquesas. Three months after the Essex sank the remaining two whaleboats are rescued in different areas along the South American coast. Two men were left alive in Pollards boat and three men in Chases boat. Nickerson, Chase, and Lawrence arrive in Valparaiso, Chile on February 25, 1821, and are taken back to Nantucket aboard whale ship Hero.Both Nantucket and the survivors of the Essex changed after the ships sinking. The whaling industry quickly fell to other towns. A fire that burned nearly a third of the town added to the difficulties. The men of the Essex were taken up(p) when recalling what happened. Even Chase was deemed insane. This event caused the town of Nantucket to separate. The townspeople were no longer bonded by whaling, because the industry made a fall. The surviving men of the Essex became hypocritical, turning to cannibalism , one thing they feared and frowned upon. This event helps us understand what these men had to do when they are stranded, and teaches us the meaning of nature, survival, and suffering.Bibliography Alone in the Pacific. Salariya Publishing. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http//www. salariya. com/web_books/whaling/alone/alone. html>. Nantucket Island History. Nantucket Island sleeping room of Commerce. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http//www. nantucketchamber. org/visitor/trivia. html>. Philbrick, Nathaniel. In the Heart of the Sea The Tragedy of the Whaleship. New York,NY Penguin, 2000. Print.In the Heart of the SeaNicole Hart HIST 2300- Christopher Trobridge Writing Assignment iodine October 16, 2010 In the Heart of the Sea The Tragedy of the Whale ship Essex In order to understand the ramifications of an event such as the sinking of the Essex one postulate too understand the community that produces the crew. Nantucket was an island community much more than the literal sense of word. The is landers of Nantucket saw themselves differently than the rest of the word. They learned the skills of whaling from the original Wampanoag tribe. They were Quakers with a stoical sense of standards and community.The whale men from Nantucket saw themselves as superior to most other sailor boys of that time period. Hardship and perseverance were virtues held by the whale men and the women. The women ran the town while the whale men were at sea for years at a time. This type of work ethic and fortitude, and the worlds desire for oil, combined to make the settlement of Nantucket one of the richest towns in America. In the Heart of the Sea It also created a close-knit community with a few very successful and influential families that conjoin with each other binding a strong central hierarchy.The sinking of the Essex directly affected the community of Nantucket but it was also far reaching to the rest of the country. America was growing as a Nation and its consumption of oil was expa nding. The events of the Essex were not only interesting to sailors of the world but also to the mainlanders that consumed the oil. America in the ordinal century and the early nineteenth century were considered a consumer revolution. Of the People No one knew this fact better than the owners of the whale ships. They understood that whale oil was a commodity to be sold.In order to harvest it at a profit they had to balance their expenses. Every mate on a whale ship received a fraction of the profit that the whale ship would return with the oil it found. The more responsibility a sailor had on a whale ship, the larger his cut. Every expense, food, gear, clothing, water had to be factored in of doing business. For example the captain received the largest share, due to him having the most responsibility, while Thomas Nickersons share was the experience he received at a young age on a whale ship plus the room and board that he would receive for two to three years.A situation that oc curred early in their journey was a foreboding of things to come. Weeks into there journey the Essex experienced a Knockdown, a knockdown is a severe weather event that led to damage of the Essex. Captain Pollard was slow to respond to the weather issue at hand. The result was damage to half(a) of their whaleboats that they used to harpoon whales. After the damage was done Pollard felt it would be best to return to Nantucket to replenish the ship with a new cheers of whaleboats.First mate Owen Chase convinced the Captain to proceed on with the whale boats they had with hope of getting more whaleboats of the coast of Africa. This dynamic exposed the type of sailor Captain Pollard was and the type of sailor first mate Chase was. Captain Pollard was proving to be a Captain that had the skills of a first mate and first mate Owen was showing to have the skills of a Captain. In the Heart of the Sea. These two personalities would continue to show themselves later in there journey after the Essex had sunk. When the Essex was rammed and destroyed by the sperm whale, the crews Nantucket heritage served them well.The officers of the Essex were able to maintain order and stifle any panic by the crewmen. They devised a strategy that first mate Chase had championed. Once again Captain Pollards initial plan was shelved for fist mate Chases plan. The remaining twenty-crew members of the Essex were split into three twenty-five foot whaling boats. Captain Pollard, First mate Chase, and Second officer Hendrix were in charge of the three boats. Even in this situation, a strong sense of the Nantucket community was resident in the division of each boat.The majority of the Nantucketers ended up in Captain Pollards boat. A few of the remaining Nantucketers ended up in First mate Chases boat and the majority of African American sailors ended up in second mate Hendrixs boat. First mate Owen Chase proved to be a relentless advocate for hope. Thomas Nickerson saw another side of Firs t mate Chase when their journey first began by seeing how curt Chase was to the crew. On the island of Nantucket Owen Chase was a gentlemen but at sea Chase took a utilisation of being very demanding and wanting things done correctly.After the sinking of the Essex the crewmembers were struggling with the situation they were in and Chase changed his method of handling of the crew. When Chase saw the crew was losing philia he showed a more maternal side. This change in attitude was critical in the survival of the crewmembers that made it. The events that led to the cannibalism of crewmembers of the Essex were presented differently to Captain Pollards boat and first mate Chases boat. Captain Pollards and Hendrix boat became separated from Chases boat.The African American crewmembers having a low body gamey content and a mineral deficient diet became prone to death before the Nantucket crewmembers. As the African American crewmembers died the upkeep crewmembers consumed them. When t here only living crew members left on Pollards boat they resorted to drawing lots to see who would give up their life as food and who would kill that sailor. On first mate Chases boat one of the sailors passes and the elect to consume his body. It appears that cannibalism was a common event that occurred in these situations.To this day human beings get presented with this dilemma, such as the plane crash in the Andes. As for me I would rather chose death than the consuming of my mates. Spending months at a time with these men I would feel as though I was eating a family member and would rather wait for death than eat a fellow mate. Although I would have the pressure of supporting my family and wanting to return home, eating a human being I believe would be a lot easier said thus done. In the grief that Captain Pollard experienced having to eat his nephew then facing his Aunt would be something I dont think I could endure or ever live with.For Nantucket and the men involved in whale hunting it is more than just a hunt. It was a way of life, a way of survival, and the entire focus of a town. This novel contained more than just the story of the ramming of the Essex, it was more of a story of the hardships faced, the dedication that comes with the job of whaling, and the raw emotions of the men involved. This novel proved the importance of whaling in that time period to not only Nantucket but to the entire Nation, and how it foreshadowed how our economy would be today.Lastly to end with the mission of the Nantucket Quakers to maintain a peaceful life on land while raising bloody havoc at sea. This was their life, their survival and it now is their history. Works Cited James Oakes, Michael Mcgerr, Jan Ellen Lewis, Nick Cullather, Jeanne Boydston. Of the People A history of the United States. New York Oxford University Press. Nathaniel Philbrick. In the heart of the seaThe tradgedy of the Whaleship Essex New York Penguin Books, 2000.

Eating Healthy Foods Essay

Eating provides your consistency with the nourishment it needs to survive. A healthy nourishment supplies nutrients (such as protein, vitamins and minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates), which are important for your bodys growth, development, and maintenance. However, not all foods are equal when it comes to the nutrition they provide. Some foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are rich in vitamins and minerals others, such as cookies and quinine water pop, provide few if any nutrients. Your diet can influence everything from your energy level and intellectual performance to your risk for certain diseases.A healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables can prevent problems with the eyes and digestive system as well as reduce risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer. A poor diet, on the other hand, can lead to health problems. For example, insufficient calcium intake can affect the strength of your odontiasis and bones, possibly leadin g to tooth decay and osteoporosis. Furthermore, eating more calories than your body needs leads to becoming overweight, which is a serious health concern.Overweight and obese people are at higher risk for diabetes, heart disease, asthma, and depression. Because different fruits and vegetables contain different nutrients, it is important to eat an assortment. Everybody should try to eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables for each one day and to eat a range of different kinds. Fresh produce is not the only option frozen and dried fruits and vegetables are healthy, too. Although taking a multivitamin can help provide some vitamins and minerals, it is healthier to get nutrients from food. So how can children in particular be encouraged to eat healthfully? savvy preferences are learned through exposure to foods.Mealtimes and snack times are opportunities to promote wise food choices. A healthy diet should include plug of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Foods such as carrot sticks, raisins, and yogurt are healthier choices that could be eaten every day. In general, processed foods are nutritionally inferior to judicious foods. These foods, which may have high amounts of saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and sugar, should only be eaten in moderate quantities. This includes french fries, candy, and ice cream.

MANAGERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE Essay

The way in which passenger vehicles climax the performance of their stage businesss and the deportment they display towards stamp d avow staff is likely to be conditioned by predispositions intimately pile, and human nature and pull in.Drawing on Maslows hierarchy of inevitably model (which is discussed in Chapter 12), McGregor put forward two suppositions well-nigh human nature and behaviour at tempt. He argues that the style of management adopted is a function of the directors attitudes towards the great unwashed and assumptions about human nature and behaviour. The two suppositions be called guess X and hypothesis Y, and are based on polar assumptions about people and book.Theory Xassumptionsabout humannatureTheory X represents the carrot-and-stick assumptions on which conventional formations are based, and was widely accepted and practised sooner the festering of the human relations approach. Its assumptions are thatthe average person is lazy and has an inhere nt dislike of work most people must be coerced, go outled, order and threatened with punishment if the organisation is to accomplish its objectivesthe average person avoids responsibility, prefers to be directed, lacks ambition and values security most of allandmotivation occurs only at the physiological and security levels.The important principle of Theory X is direction and control through a modify system of organisation and the exercise of pronouncement. McGregor questions whether the Theory X approach to human nature is correct, and the relevance function away of management practices which are based upon it. Assumptions based on a Theory X approach, and the traditional use of rewards and sanctions exercised by the nature of the managers position and authority, are likely to result in an exploitative or authoritarian style of management.Theory Yassumptionsabout humannatureAt the former(a) extreme to Theory X is Theory Y which represents the assumptions consistent with cur rent research knowledge. The central principle of Theory Y is the integration of individual and organisational goals. Its assumptions arefor most people work is as innate(p) as play or counterweightpeople get out exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which they are committedcommitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement given the cover conditions, the average worker muckle learn to accept and to seek responsibilitythe capacity for creativity in solving organisational problems is distributed widely in the populationthe bright potential of the average person is only partially utilised and motivation occurs at the affiliation, esteem and self-actualisation levels as well as the physiological and security levels.McGregor implies that a Theory Y approach is the best way to elicit co-operation from members of an organisation. It is the task of management to create the conditions in which individuals may satisfy their motivational require, and in which they achieve their own goals through meeting the goals of the organisation. McGregor develops an analysis of the implications of accepting Theory Y in regard to performance appraisal, administration of salaries and promotions, participation, staffline relationships, lead, management development and the managerial team.managerial conduct AND EFFECTIVENESSManagerial strategiesAlthough Theory X and Theory Y are based on polar extremes and are an oversimplification, they do represent identifiable philosophies which influence managerial behaviour and strategies. For example, as Lord Sieff comments Now and again it is necessary to criticize people, but rather than tick them off, provided you can leave them in no doubt as to what the issue is, I am sure it pays to avoid being censorious but try sort of to appeal to the innate capacity for self-criticism. Whatever you do, avoid making a mountain out of a molehill.Most people permit the potential to be self-motivating. They can best achieve their personal goals through self-direction of their efforts towards meeting the goals of the organisation. Broadening educational standards and changing social values mean that people today have wider expectations of the quality of working life, including opportunities for consultation and participation in decisions which affect them. Managers should develop practices based to a greater extent on an accurate understanding of human behaviour and motivation. The Theory Y approach, however, is non a buggy option. In practice it is often difficultto achieve successfully. It can be frustrating and succession-consuming, and mistakes ordain occur.Since 1952 Ive been stumbling around buildings and running primitive Theory Y departments, divisions, and finally one whole Theory Y company Avis. In 1962, aft(prenominal) thirteen years, Avis had neer made a profit (except one year when they jiggled their depreciation rates). Three years later t he company had grown internationally (not by acquisitions) from $30 one thousand thousand in sales to $75 million in sales, and had made successive annual profits of $1 million, $3 million, and $5 million. If I had anything to do with this, I ascribe it all to my application of Theory Y. And a faltering, stumbling, groping, mistake-ridden application it was.Robert Townsend6Demands ofthe situationThe two views of Theory X and Theory Y tend to represent extremes of the natural inclination of managers towards a particular style of behaviour. In practice, however, the actual style of management behaviour adopted will be influenced by the demands of the situation.Where the job offers a mettle several(prenominal) degree of intrinsic satis itemion or involves a variety of tasks, an element of problem-solving and the exercise of initiative, or where output is difficult to measure in three-figure terms, an informal, participative approach would front to be more(prenominal) effective. I t is more likely to lead to a higher level of staff morale. In many cases this would apply to work of a scientific, technical or professional nature. Where commitment to the goals of the organisation is almost a prerequisite of membership, such as in certain voluntary or charity organisations, for example, then a Theory Y approach would clearly seem to be most appropriate.Use of a TheoryX approachHowever, even if a manager has a basic belief in Theory Y assumptions on that point may be occasions when it is necessary, or more appropriate, to adopt a Theory X approach. When the nature of the job itself offers minute intrinsic reward or limited opportunities to satisfy higher-level inescapably, a more despotic style of management might work best. Some jobs are designed narrowly, with passing predictable tasks, and output measured precisely. This is the case, for example, with many complex output processes in manufacturing firms. With these types of jobs a Theory X approach may b e directed if an adequate level of performance is to be maintained.MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOUR AND EFFECTIVENESSThe faultfinder might describe efforts to turn Theory Y into practice as doing with difficulty what comes naturally to the Japanese. There, excellent managers apply principles of behaviour which translate perfectly into westerly language and which have long been echoed in the progressive areas of the west. Yet you still encounter the old ostrich attitudes that shelld western companies so much damage in the past for instance, the argument that to emulate Japan is impossible because of its peculiar culture. But the famous national enthusiasm for good business and effective management isnt simply a product of Japans culture. After all, sloppy western habits, like investing too little in productive capacity, cutting products, training, quality and marketing are hardly cultural not unless bad business economics are built into the western mentality.Robert Heller 12THE MANAGERIAL /LEADERSHIP GRIDOne means of describing and evaluating several(predicate) styles of management is the Blake and Mouton Managerial grid (see Figure 7.1). First published as the Managerial control grid in 1964, restated in 1978 and 198513 and republished in 1991as the Leadership Grid,14 the Grid provides a basis for comparison of managerial styles in terms of two principal dimensions business concern for productionconcern for people.Concern for production is the amount of emphasis which the manager places on accomplishing the tasks in hand, achieving a high level of production and getting results or profits. This is represented along the horizontal bloc of the Grid. Concern for people is the amount of emphasis which the manager gives to subordinates and colleagues as individuals and to their needs and expectations. This is represented along the vertical axis of the Grid.Five basic combinationsConcern for is not how much concern, but indicates the character and strength of assumpt ions which underlie the managers own basic attitudes and style of management. The square point is how the manager expresses concern about production or about people. The four corners and the centre of the Grid provide five basic combinations of degree of concern for production coupled with degree of concern for people (see Figure 7.1(a)).the impoverished manager (1,1 rating), low concern for production and low concern for people the authoritycompliance manager (9,1 rating), high concern for production and low concern for peoplethe country club manager (1,9 rating), low concern for production and high concern for people the middle-of-the-road manager (5,5 rating), moderateconcern for production and moderate concern for people andthe team manager (9,9 rating), high concern for production and high concern for people.Managers with a 1,1 rating tend to be remote from their subordinates and swear in the minimum movement from their present position. They do as little as they can with pro duction or with people. Too much attention to production will cause difficulties with staff and too much attention to the needs of staff will cause problems with production.Team managementThoughtful attention to theneeds of people for satisfyingrelationships leads to acomfortable, friendly organisationatmosphere andwork tempo.Concern for peopleWork accomplishment isfrom committed peopleinterdependence through a car park stake in organisationpurpose leads to relationshipsof go for and respect.Middle-of-the-road managementAdequate organisation performance ispossible through balancing the necessityto get work out while maintaining moraleof people at a satisfactory level.Impoverished managementAuthoritycompliancemanagementExertion of minimum effortto get required work makeis appropriate to sustainorganisation membership.Efficiency in operations resultsfrom arranging conditions ofwork in such a way thathuman elements interfereto a minimum degree.In Opportunistic management, people adap tand shift to any Grid style needed to gain the maximum good. Performance occurs according to asystem of selfish gain. Effort is given only for anadvantage or personal gain.9+9 Paternalism/maternalismReward and approval are bestowedto people in return for loyalty and subjection failure to comply leadsto punishmentFigure 7.1 The Leadership Grid(Source Blake, R. R. and McCanse, A. A. (1991) Leadership Dilemmas Grid Solutions, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston (1991), Grid Figure, p. 29, Paternalism Figure, p. 30, Opportunism Figure, p. 31. Reproduced by permission of Grid International, Inc.)MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOUR AND EFFECTIVENESSManagers with a 9,1 rating are autocratic. They tend to rely on a centralised system and the use of authority. Staff are regarded as a means of production and motivation is based on competition betwixt people in order to get work done. If staff challenge an instruction or standard procedure they are likely to be viewed as unco-operative. The 1,9 rating managers b elieve that a contented staff will undertake what is required of them and achieve a reasonable level of output. Production is secondary to the avoidance of conflict and livelihood of harmony among the staff. Managers will seek to find via medias between staff and solutions acceptable to everyone. Although innovation may be encouraged, they tend to reject good ideas if likely to cause difficulties among the staff.The 5,5 rating is the middle-of-the-road management with the approach of live and let live and a tendency to avoid the real issues. This style ofmanagement is the dampened pendulum with managers swinging between concern for production and concern for people. Under pressure, this style of management tends to become task management (9,1). Where this strains relations and causes resentment from staff, however, pressure is eased and managers adopt a compromise approach. If there is a swing too much the other(a) way (towards 1,9) managers are likely to take a tighter and more hardened approach.Managers with a 9,9 rating believe in the integrating of the task needs and concern for people. They believe in creating a situation whereby people can satisfy their own needs by commitment to the objectives of the organisation. Managers will discuss problems with the staff, seek their ideas and give them freedom of action. Difficulties in working relationships will be handled by confronting staff nowadays and attempting to work out solutions with them.These five styles of management represent the extremes of the Grid. With a nine-point scale on each axis there is a total of 81 contrary mixtures of concern for production and concern for people. Most people would come up with a score somewhere in an intermediary position on the Grid. two additionalgrid styles1991 edition of the Grid also covers two additional styles opportunism and 9+9 paternalism/maternalism, which take account of the reaction of subordinates.In opportunistic management, organisational performan ce occurs according to a system of exchanges, whereby effort is given only for an equivalent measure of the same. People adapt to the situation to gain maximum advantage of it. (See Figure 7.1(b).)In 9+9 paternalistic/maternalistic management, reward and approval are granted to people in return for loyalty and obedience and punishment is threatened for failure to comply (see Figure 7.1(c)).A summary of the seven-spot basic combinations of the Grid is given in Table 7.1.FRAME spiel FOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOURThe Managerial Grid provides a framework in which managers can identify, study and review their patterns of behaviour. Instead of viewing management styles as a dichotomy of either/or, Blake and Mouton claim that the Managerial Grid illustrates that the manager can gain the benefits of maximising, simultaneously, methods which are twain production-oriented and people-oriented. The 9,9 position, although an ideal, is worth working for.Based on their get word of using the origina l Grid, Blake and Mouton give three reasons why it is important to consider which style of management is used to achieve production through people.THE fibre OF THE MANAGERThe 7-SorganisationalframeworkIn order to get people to accept solutions, the manager needs continually to co-ordinate and balance in order to compromise conflicting values. Thedrawing card creates excitement in work and develops choices that give substance to images that excite people.In their relationships with other people, managers maintain a low level of aroused involvement. Leaders have empathy with other people and give attention to what events and actions mean.Managers see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the existing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Leaders work in, but do not belong to, the organisation. Their sense of identity does not depend upon membership or work roles and they search out opportunities for change.The differences between l eading and management have been applied by Watson to the 7-S organisational framework of strategy, structure, systems, style, staff, skills and superordinate (or shared) goals. Watson redes that whereas managers tend towards reliance onstrategy,structure,systems,leaders have an inherent inclination for utilisation of the soft Ss of style,staff,skills, andshared goals.Watson also suggests, although cautiously, that 7-S management could be seen as the province of leaders. Managers will not ordinarily be capable of achieving sufficient mastery of all seven factors to attain a consistently high level of organisational performance.Distinction between management and leadBased on experience of management approaches in both commerce and the military, Hollingsworth questions how many managers consider themselves first and foremost as leaders, relegating manager to their job title. He argues that commercial managers need to learn from the armed forces if they deal to be viewed as leaders. Having accepted that there are some links between management and leadership, Hollingsworth lists six fundamental differences.A manager administers a leader innovates.A manager maintains a leader develops.A manager focuses on systems and structure a leader focuses on people. A manager relies on control a leader inspires trust.A manager keeps an eye on the bottom line a leader has an eye on the horizon. A manager does things right a leader does the right thing.Not everyone would agree with this list. Robinson, for example, suggests that if the word manager is replaced by administrator then the lists works. However, whatever your view the list makes for a cooperative basis for critical discussion on the nature of management and leadership.25 In Chapter 6 we discussed management as getting work done through the efforts of other people. To be an effective manager it is necessary to exercise the role of leadership. A common view is that the job of the manager requires theability of leadershipCHAPTER 8 THE character OF LEADERSHIPTHE QUALITIES OR TRAITS APPROACHThe first approach assumes that leaders are born and not made. Leadership consists of certain inherited characteristics, or personality traits, which know leaders from their followers the so-called Great Person theory of leadership. The qualities approach focuses attention on the man or muliebrity in the job and not on the job itself. It suggests that attention is given to the selection of leaders rather than to training for leadership. For example, Drucker (writing originally in 1955) makes the point that Leadership is of utmost importance. Indeed there is no substitute for it. But leadership cannot be created or promoted. It cannot be taught or learned.There have been many research studies into the common traits of leadership. However, attempts at identifying common personality, or physical and mental, characteristics of different good or successful leaders have met with little success.Investigations have identified lists of traits which tend to be overlapping, contradictory or with little correlation for most features.It is noticeable that individuality or originality usually features in the list of traits. This itself suggests that there is little in common between particular(prenominal) personality traits of different leaders. It is perhaps possible therefore to identify general characteristics of leadership ability, such as self-confidence, initiative, intelligence and belief in ones actions, but research into this area has revealed little more than this. In a series of interviews with headhunters, and senior figures in industry and the city, Management Today came up with a list of Britains most powerful women in business. A conclusion from the list is that the top 50 women do not fit any pattern. They palm the kind of power and influence that defies stereotypes.Limitations ofthe traitsapproachThere are two further limitations with this approach.First, there is bound to b e some subjective judgement in determining who is regarded as a good or successful leader.Second, the lists of possible traits tend to be very long and there is not always contract on the most important.Even if it were possible to identify an agreed list of more specific qualities, this would provide little explanation of the nature of leadership. It would do little to help in the development and training of future leaders. Although there is still some interest in the qualities, or traits, approach, attention has been directed more to other approaches to leadership.The qualities or traits approach gives rise to the questions whether leaders are born or made and whether leadership is an art or a science. The important point, however, is that these are not mutually exclusive alternatives. Even if there are certain inborn qualities which make for a good leader, these natural talents need encouragement and development. Even if leadership is something of an art, it still requires the ap plication of special skills and techniques.THE FUNCTIONAL (OR GROUP) APPROACHThis approach to leadership focuses attention not on the personality of the leader, nor on the man or woman in the job, per se, but on the functions of leadership. Leadership is always present in any group engaged in a task. The functional approach views leadership in terms of how the leaders behaviour affects, and is affected by, the group of followers. This approach concentrates on the nature of the group, the followers or subordinates. Itfocuses on the content of leadership.WORK MOTIVATION AND REWARDSMaslows hierarchy of needs modelOnce a lower need has been satisfy, it no longer acts as a strong motivator. The needs of the next higher level in the hierarchy demand satisfaction and become the motivating influence. Only unsatisfied needs motivate a person. hence Maslow asserts that a satisfied need is no longer a motivator.Not necessarilya fixed orderAlthough Maslow suggests that most people have these basic needs in about the order indicated, he also makes it clear that the hierarchy is not necessarily a fixed order. There will be a number of exceptions to the order indicated. For some people there will be a reversal of the hierarchy, for exampleSelf-esteem may seem to be more important than love to some people. This is the most common reversal of the hierarchy. It is often based on the belief that the person most love is strong, confident or inspires respect. People quest love try to put on a show of aggressive, confident behaviour. Theyare not really seeking selfesteem as an end in itself but for the sake of love needs. For some innately creative people the drive for creativity and self-actualisation may arise disdain lack of satisfaction of more basic needs.Higher-level needs may be lost in some people who will continue to be satisfied at lower levels only for example, a person who has experienced chronic unemployment. Some people who have been deprived of love in early chi ldhood may experience the permanent loss of love needs.A need which has continued to be satisfied over a long period of era may be undervalued. For example, people who have never suffered from chronic hunger may tend to underestimate its effects, and regard food as rather an profitless thing. Where people are dominated by a higher-level need this may assume greater importance than more basic needs.People with high ideals or values may become martyrs and give up everything else for the sake of their beliefs.Maslow claims that the hierarchy is relatively universal among different cultures, but he recognises that there are differences in an individuals motivational content in a particular culture.THE INDIVIDUALDegrees ofsatisfactionMaslow points out that a false impression may be given that a need must be satisfied fully before a subsequent need arises. He suggests that a more naturalistic description is in terms of decreasing percentages of satisfactionalong levels of the hierarchy. For example, arbitrary figures for the average person may be satisfied 85 per cent in physiological needs 70 per cent in safety needs 50 per cent in love needs 40 per cent in esteem needs and 10 per cent in self-actualisation needs. There is a gradual emergence of a higher-level need as lower-level needs become more satisfied. The relative importance of these needs changes during the psychological development of the individual. Maslow subsequently modified his views by noting that satisfaction of self-actualisation needs by growth-motivated individuals can actually enhance these needs rather than reduce them. Furthermore, he accepted that some higher-level needs may still emerge after long deprivation of lowerlevel needs, rather than only after their satisfaction.Evaluation of Maslows theoryBased on Maslows theory, once lower-level needs have been satisfied (say at the physiological and safety levels) giving more of the same does not provide motivation. Individuals advance up the h ierarchy as each lower-level need becomes satisfied. Therefore, to provide motivation for a change in behaviour, the manager must direct attention to the next higher level of needs (in this case, love or social needs) that seek satisfaction.Applications tothe worksituationHowever, there are a number of problems in relating Maslows theory to the work situation. These include the followingA useful basisfor evaluationPeople do not necessarily satisfy their needs, especially higher-level needs, just through the work situation. They satisfy them through other areas of their life as well. Therefore the manager would need to have a complete understanding of peoples private and social life, not just their behaviour at work. There is doubt about the time which elapses between the satisfaction of a lower-level need and the emergence of a higher-level need.Individual differences mean that people place different values on the same need. For example, some people prefer what they might see as the comparative safety of working in a bureaucratic organisation to a more highly paid and higher status position, but with less job security, in a different organisation.Some rewards or outcomes at work satisfy more than one need. Higher salary or promotion, for example, can be applied to all levels of the hierarchy. Even for people within the same level of the hierarchy, the motivating factors will not be the same. There are many different ways in which people may seek satisfaction of, for example, their esteem needs. Maslow viewed satisfaction as the main motivational outcome of behaviour. But job satisfaction does not necessarily lead to improved work performance.Although Maslow did not originally intend that the need hierarchy should necessarily be applied to the work situation, it still form popular as a theory of motivation at work. Despite criticisms and doubts about its limitations, the theory has had a significant impact on management approaches to motivation and the design of organisations to meet individual needs. It is a convenient framework for viewing the different needs and expectations that people have, where they are in the hierarchy, and the different motivators that might be applied to people at different levels. The work of Maslow has drawn attention to a number of different motivators and stimulated study and research. The need hierarchy model provides auseful base for the evaluation of motivation at work. For example, Steers and Porter suggest a list of general rewards and organisational factors used to satisfy different needs (see Table 12.1).29WORK MOTIVATION AND REWARDSApplying Maslows need hierarchyNeeds levels habitual rewardsOrganisational factors1 PhysiologicalFood, water, sex, sleepa. Payb. Pleasant working conditionsc. Cafeteria2. SafetySafety, security,stability, protectiona. Safe working conditionsb. Company benefitsc. Job security3. SocialLove, affection,belongingnessa. glutinous work groupb. Friendly supervisionc. Professiona l associations4. EsteemSelf-esteem, self-respect,prestige, statusa. Social recognitionb. Job titlec. High status jobd. Feedback from the job itself5. Self-actualisationGrowth, advancement,creativitya. Challenging jobb. Opportunities for creativityc. Achievement in workd. Advancement in the organisationSaunders contends that despite the time that has elapsed, Maslows theory remains watertight.When prehistoric man first took shelter in a cave and lit a fire, he was satisfying his lowest physiological and safety needs. When a Buddhist achieves a state of nirvana, she is satisfying the fifth and highest self-actualisation The cave these days might be a three-bedroom semi with garden and off-street parking, but the fact remains that once weve got enough to feed, clothe and house our families money is a low-level motivator for most people. The dash for cash is soon replaced by the bank for recognition, status and ultimately (although Maslow reckoned that a lot of us never get this far) the need to express yourself through your work.Pyramid ofemployeecommitmentRevisiting and developing Maslows hierarchy, Stum looked at the dynamic between an individual and the organisation, and proposes a new employee/employer social contract that enables organisations to improve employee commitment and retention. The five levels of workforce needs hierarchy are shown in a Performance Pyramid.Safety/security the need to feel physically and psychologically safe in the work environment for commitment to be possibleRewards the need for extrinsic rewards in compensation and benefits Affiliation the intrinsic need for a sense of belonging to the work team or organisationGrowth addressing the need for positive individual and organisational change to drive commitmentWork/life harmony the drive to achieve a sense of bound in balancing work and life responsibilities.

Classroom Management Considerations to Promote Inclusion Essay

In order for a classroom to be truly inclusive classroom management considerations have to be addressed. Will the classroom atmosphere be conducive to learning for all schoolchilds and how will the climate be modified or adapted to meet these necessarily? How will classroom goals and rules be established and ar they macroscopical and clearly stated in the classroom? Are academic standards clearly stated and visible in the classroom?Does the teacher effectively utilize differentiated instructional strategies for all students? Is the classroom arranged in a manner to accentuate student learning, for example how are the desks arranged, is thither a student seating plan in place, are bulletin or display boards cluttered and distracting, are there technology resources available to the students in the classroom? Are the teachers utilizing flexible co-teaching models in the classroom and is planning time scheduled to create effective lesson planning?These are questions one must ask his or herself in order to create a truly inclusive classroom. Language and discourse in the classroom alike plays a role in creating an inclusive atmosphere, the relationship between the teacher and student, the student and his or her peers is part of the social climate of the classroom and must be positively modeled by the teacher. The teacher must find a way to assess and re-assess instructional strategies so that instruction is real-world based and encourages various abundant and engaging learning opportunities for the students. The teacher also has to teach and model positive coping strategies for stress and should remain non-judgmental in their classroom and behavior management approaches.The side by side(p) is a short list of some modifications or adaptations that can be made in the classroom Preferred seating Pre-printed notes for the class Visual aid such as graphic organizers like a KWL chart Choice of assignments Extended time to complete tests Fewer questions for classwo rk or homework Modified marker utilizing a rubric Reduce distractions Teach study skills and coping strategies Use flashcards Use of technology to facilitate instruction such as reading and maths software to reinforce and teach pre-requisite skills Visual schedules Use of manipulatives Visual communication aids

Philippine National Hero, Jose Rizal Essay

This film pictures events and unknown facts about the life story of the Philippine National Hero, Jose Rizal. When I am watching the film I understand the story clearer than reading it, the scenes played in the film made my mind and vision clearer. Theyve explain the life of Rizal clearly even though some information is not that important but still they are saying it for the students or the spectator pump thunder mug understand more the life of Rizal. In watching the films Ive realize the things that a man can do. The film started from Rizal telling what had been his life as a young boy was. Unlike any boy, Rizal came from a rich family which can be considered as principalia. His parents were considered to be a good example in their own ways. He had a big family with 10 siblings, nine sisters and one brother named Ponciano.Rizal was describe as a young boy whose eagerness to run into was of undeniable. At his young age of nine, he was asked to live in manila to study. He took ent rance examinations and finally schooled at prestigious campuses in Manila by that time. He studied first at Ateneo de Manila University then continue it at University of Sto. Thomas. Rizal also continued his studies abroad and he was able to visit umpteen countries. Rizal demonstrated great talent in literature, philosophy and also in arts. He received awards in some contests that he joined and successfully won the major ones at times. As a student, I can say that Rizal was very hard working and dedicated. He was an engineer, sculptor, painter, ophthalmologist and a writer. I cant believe that a man can be that good, a man can do many things, and a man can halt his own country. He will not achieve all of that without his friends, of course.

National Honor Society Essay

be nominated to become a member of the National Honor Society is a highly prestigious honor, and I am very grateful to be a candidate. I have always strove to do the best that I can to achieve the highest grades possible and to tie out amongst my peers. Not only do I focus on my academics, but I strive to be an outstanding asset to the student torso throughout my years here at East Clinton High School as well. Getting admitted into the National Honor Society has been one of my goals since I get-go arrived here at high school, and I have recognized the standards for entry into the organization.I understand that to become an official member of the society, I need to bring in and demonstrate four key characteristics of an ideal National Honor Society member scholarship, leadership, service, and character. To my acknowledgment, there are no questionable incidents that could be used to quarrel my selection into the National Honor Society. I sustain a high grade point average of 3. 8 while engaging in college preparative grades such as College English, Pre-Calculus, Chemistry, and in a previous year Biology 2.In addition to my current attending classes, I also take an online college math class that assists me in solving problems in real world situations. Education has been one of my first priorities since childhood, and I plan to further advance in my studies severally twenty-four hour period. I have in many ways shown my characteristic of scholarship. In addition to my scholastic achievements, I participate in various co-curricular activities that demonstrate my booking with the school and community. I am a varsity athlete for the sports, tennis and track.This year I, along with my fellow tennis teammates were proud to present ourselves as the SBAAC confederation champions. In addition to that, we concluded the SBCN season with an undefeated title. It was my greatest pleasure to receive an SBAAC Scholar Athlete award from my tennis coach on the day of the awards ceremony. Spanish Club, headed by Mrs. Elizabeth De Leon, is a club that recognizes the Spanish culture and then incorporates the culture into entertaining service projects. I was one of several members to participate in a successful bake sale that raised just under 200 dollars.I was also a member of the Student Council my sophomore year, and unitedly as an organization we successfully provided a wonderful homecoming for the student body. Above all, I was selected by my class advisor to represent the junior class as their Treasurer in the Prom Committee. As Treasurer, I am responsible for keeping track of as well as counting the inpouring funds that are received from any fundraisers. In my spare time, I help raise money by volunteering to work at the concession stands for fast events as well as any fundraiser that is active at the moment.I attend all Prom Committee meetings with an open mind and ready to organize new ideas for the committee. Key Club, an internationa l organization which provides service, is an organization I am proud to represent. I have pledged to uphold the objects of Key Club worldwide since my freshman year to present day. I have participated in many service projects within Key Club. Some projects that I have aided in or with are the Ho Ho Shop, Sabinas Historical Society Museum for Christmas around Sabina, and Highway Clean Up.Moreover, I was honored with the privilege to attend a leadership camp held by Kiwanis International in Ashley, Ohio. With the selection from my Key Club advisors, I was able to travel to a 3-day camp that was accompanied by inspiring students from other schools from all over south Ohio. There, I learned the principals of being a good leader, and also lead groups in assigned projects. At the camp, you were able to find inspired, motivated young adults who were kind and open-hearted. Being surrounded by peers who were comprised of excellent qualities enabled me to comfortably present myself and my ch aracter in an assertive manner.At school, I contribute my service by aiding teachers and students. As a junior, I offered to assist teachers with their work whether it may be grading papers or register their documents. In addition, I was a library helper the first semester of this year. To conclude, my amount of service activity participation has demonstrated that the characteristic, service, is present. Taking on the rate of Treasurer and a Student Council member are both examples of my leadership. However, I am a Yearbook Editor in School Publications as well.I am one of twelve yearbook editors that construct the contents of the yearbook. With such a position, it is imperative to attend events in which are in relation to what you were assigned. Being a part of the junior class fundraising and obtaining the position of Treasurer for Prom Committee is admirable. If being in Prom Committee has taught me anything, it is that you have set your priorities and endorse your responsibil ities and to follow through with them. The Committee has taught me a great deal about being a leader.

Fulcher of Chartes:Pope Urban’s Speech at Clermont Essay

8.4 Fulcher of Chartres, pope Urban IIs Speech at Clermont As the crusades began, delivery boyians gathered to hear the insightful speech condition by pontiff Urban II in which he was able take unruly knights and give them a common enemy to fight. The enemies were the Muslims and Turks who were attacking the snarly Empire and the Holy Land. Urban IIs speech gave insights to the knightly compevery who were engaging in warlike tendencies and encouraged them to ease battalion in need. On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II began his influential speech to the church officials and nobles who were in attendance. In the beginning of his speech, Urban II said that he was granted permission by God to come and speak to them about what was going on. The situations that were going on in the Christian society include the knightly class fighting each other, raping young women, robbing the churches, and other unseemly activities. Pope Urban II told them that in order to become friends with God, they would have to do things that were pleasing to God. These included leaving all matters that revolved around the church to the leaders of the church, and if they the knights were to rob the leaders of the church they will be cursed. At this point of his speech Pope Urban II is building up to the main reason for this call to order. Urban II informed his audience that the people of the Byzantine Empire were in need of their help, and it was their duty to help them. He explained to his listeners that the Turks and the Arabs have conquered the Byzantine Empire and taken over the Christian lands.Pope Urban II told the people that Christ commands them to help the Byzantine Empire regardless of their social class. On this account I, or rather the Lord beseech you as Christs heralds (358). Pope Urban II went on to say that whoever was to die in battle or die in any other kind of way, they would receive benevolence for their sins. This is saying that no matter what they have done in the past, they would be forgiven for it all. Urban II continued to convince the people at his speech to help the Byzantine Empire defeat the Turks and Arabs and win back the Christian territory. This would lead to what is now called the FirstCrusade. Crusade began in the fall of 1096 in Constantinople where crusaders gathered. The crusaders included the knights and people of Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders began to march through territories controlled by the Turks and Arabs which included Edessa and Antioch. They continued to head to Jerusalem in June 1099. The crusaders then proceeded on a five-week siege of Jerusalem which overlook in July of 1099. Crusaders then took over cities along the Mediterranean coast and built fortified castle all over the Holy Land to protect their new-fangled territories (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). The crusaders defeated the Egyptian relief army in August 1099.Pope Urban II died on July 29, 1099 and was not able to see the victory of reclaiming Jerusalem. Fulcher of Chartres clearly exemplified that he was bias towards Pope Urban IIs speech. Although he was there to hear the speech, he did not record the speech until old age later. This proves that he truly believed in what Pope Urban II was protesting. Not only did Urban IIs speech help to reclaim the Christian lands, it also encouraged the knightly class and others listeners to reconnect with Gods laws and commandments. The First Crusades were not the ending of the battles, there was a blink of an eye and third crusade. The crusaders failed in the second crusade, and had a dismal failure in the third crusade. These battles show that the Christian warriors had wanted to have what was rightfully Christs, and would not stop at any cost until they had it.Works CitedChartres, Fulcher Of, trans. Pope Urban IIs Speech at Clermont p. 357-359 Mason, Ohio Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. The Crusades (10951291). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm (October 2001)

Information Security Fundamentals Essay

Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.1. How does a fictional positive consternation differ from a false negative one? From a security perspective, which is least desirable? A false positive attack is where the system IDPS was alarmed but no attack ever occurred. The false negative is where an actual attack occurs and the IDPS isnt alarmed at all. The least desirable would definitely be the false negative, if an attack does occur and the IDPS doesnt even alarm well whats the point in even having it if it isnt going to alarm.2. What is a honeypot? How is it different from a honeynet? A honeypot is a decoy system that will lure potential hackers away from the networks critical systems. A honeynet is where the system subnet is invariably changing and it lures attackers away by redirecting the the subsystems that are rich in information.3. What capabilities should a wireless security toolkit embroil? Definitely should be able sniff incoming packets, scan the wireless hosts, and be able to forecast the level of privacy. Keeping an eye on vulnerability is a must because wireless networks can be a little easier to breach especially if the right security measures are not implemented.4. A find feature of hybrid IDPS systems is event correlation. After researching event correlation online, define the following terms as they are used in this process compression, suppression, and generalization. Compression is when it will take several occurrences and will assure it two-fold duplicates. Suppression is where the IDPS will just alert you if something major has happened instead of it just triggering off something simpleton it will still let you know that something triggered it. Associates alarms with higher leveled events, can be useful when corresponding with multiple failed ports.5. ZoneAlarm is a PC-based firewall and IDPS tool. Visit the product manufacturer at www.zonelabs.com, and find the product specification for theIDPS features of ZoneAlarm. Which of the ZoneAlarm products offer these features?6. development the Internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used, and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? construct a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.7. Use the Internet to find vendors of thumbprint and iris scanning tools. Which of these tools is more economic? Which of these is least intrusive?8. There are several online passphrase generators available. Locate at least two of them on the Internet, and try them out. What did you observe?

Bartolome de las Casas’s Destruction of the Indies Essay

Bartolom de las Casas was a Spanish historian and a social reformer who was writing in the 16th century, during the time of the Spanish occupation of the Indies. In A Short Account of the ravaging of the Indies, Casas provides a scathing commentary on the cruelty exercised by the Spanish colonizers on the natives of Hispaniolaas well as explain the aims that motivated this behavior. The account acts as not only an observation on the practices of the colonizers, merely is to a fault a reflection of the imperial policies of the Spanish Empire. Through writing A Short Account of the final stage of the Indies, Casas aims at bringing the Spanish leads attention to the atrocities committed by the citizens of the empire on the natives. In keeping with that aim, he utilizes a rhetoric that seeks to arouse the sympathy of his readers towards the natives and a sense of crime over how they are existence treated. Right from the beginning of the account, in the preface, he paints an image of the natives as world simple, and harmless. He describes them as, the simplest people in the worldthey are without malice or guiltnever quarrel just about or belligerent or boisterous, they harbour no grudgesindeed the notions of revenge, rancour and hatred are rather foreign to them.In contrast to that, he describes the Spaniards as ravening wolves who fell upon the natives like tigers or fell lions who had not eaten meat for days . Casas sets up a parity between the helplessness of the natives and the savagery of the Spaniards, and this comparison holds throughout the document. Examples of this comparison are in the frequent accounts he gives of the before and after native world levels once the Spanish occupy an areawhen the Spanish first journeyed here, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million today only two hundred survive or not a living soul remains today on any of the islands of the Bahamas. Casas uses concrete numbers in descri bing the drop in the population level, in the number deathshe does this as a means of stressing the official reputation of the document, to lend it a sense authority. These numbers in any case help in giving his readers a truly clear idea of the terrifying extent of the Spanish cruelty. He enumerates the different styles through which the locals are being exterminated, which gives a fair idea of the general colonial practices in the Indies through forcible shipping, unjusttyrannical war, working the natives to thepoint of deathCasas gives an example of a man who worked the natives under him so hard that in spite of appearance a month, out of three hundred, only thirty survived.More importantly, Casas reveals the motives behind the general cruelty as being simple, materialistic greed. He explains that the greed for the gold that the natives take on is the driving pressure behind the actions of the Spanish. The one instance that effectively reflects this fanatical greed is o f the local lord who makes an offering of cabaret thousand castilians to the Spanish and is still seized and tortured for more goldtying him in a academic term position to a stake set in the ground, lit a fire under his outstretched feet to induce him to hand over yet more goldwhen he produced no further gold, they carried on until all the marrow ran out through the soles of his feet. What is worth noting is that Casas when first talking about this greed, refers to the Spanish as Christiansthe reason the Christians have murdered on such a vast scale and killed anyone and everyone in their way is purely and simply greed. Casas obviously uses the term Christian ironically to draw attention to the un-Christian behavior that the Spanish are displaying in the colonies. Casas was the Bishop of Chiapas.He was a clerical man, and so his primary concern was the un-Christian activities that were taking straddle in the colonies. He exclaims that the colonizers have little concern over their natives souls as for their bodies, all the millions that have perished, having at peace(p) to their deaths with no knowledge of God. This clearly defines exactly what A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies as a text isit is not a text that is arguing for gibe rights, it is instead a text that shows the priorities and concerns of a man living under the Spanish Empire at the time. Casas views the natives not as people equal to the Spaniards, but as potential Christians. He describes them as being, innocent and pure in mind and have a lively intelligence, all of which makes them particularly receptive to learning and understanding the truths of our Catholic faith and to being instructed in virtue. Casas is outraged because the Spanish policy of conversion and saving of souls as first priority was not being followed. Instead, it was being utilise as an excuseThe gulf that yawns between theory and practice has meant that, in fact, the local people have been presented with a n ultimatum either they adopt the Christian religion and swear allegiance to the Crown of Castile, or they will find themselves faced withmilitary action.He describes how the Spanish would unnecessarily pillage an area, but would essentially be within their legal rights as they would make sure that they presented the natives with the royal ultimatum. Casas account is a good reflection of the general imperial policy of expansion of the Spanish Empire. The Spanish Empire used religion as a tool to further its aimsthe Spanish Inquisition, for example, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella as a way of increasing their political authority via religion and to suppress any tenseness that may arise from social and cultural differences. While the activities of the colonizers wasnt the same as the inquisition, as Casas points out, the Spanish in the colonies were using religion in a similar way.Therefore, CasasA Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies giv es important insight into the practices of the Spanish Empire. It also presents an interesting perspective from someone who is a part and within the empirewho is aware and recognizes the malpractices of the Crown and more importantly, is attempting to do something to put a stop to it. Its also important that the way he goes about this, is through literatureit shows us the importance of the written article in the process of trying to affect a change. Though Casas sentiment in the account ability not be a common one at the time, it does signal a rising sense of the moral blindness displayed in the activities of the empires/colonies.Works CitedBartolom de las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, trans. Nigel Griffin (London Penguin Classics, 2004), 9-37. Bartolom de las Casas, Bartolom de las Casas, in Norton Anthology of American Literature, ed. Nina Bayme and Robert S. Levine. (New York WW Norton & Co, 2012), 38.

Developmental psychology Essay

Within the characteristics of effective trying there ar 7 areas of discipline and development made up of three prime areas and four specific areas. The areas describe what children learn through play and exploration, active learning and creating and by thinking critic every(prenominal)y.Prime areas If a child is not secure in the prime areas between the ages of 3 and 5 years, the absence of these may make separate areas of their learning more difficult to achieve. This makes the prime and specific areas so interdep repealent. The prime areas occur in each(prenominal) cultures and communities and are not dependent on the specific areas.Personal, Social and Emotional teachingMaking relationships self-assertion and self-awarenessManaging feelings and behaviourCommunication and LanguageListening and attentionUnderstandingSpeakingPhysical maturement go and handlingHealth and self-careSpecific areas These are less time-sensitive. The specific areas reflect what children have und erstood and their ethnic knowledges which can develop during various stages through life. The specific areas of learning will not take view easily without the prime areas. LiteracyReadingWritingMathematicsNumbersShape, space and measureUnderstanding the realityPeople and communitiesThe worldTechnologyExpressive Arts and DesignExploring using media and materialsBeing imaginativeThe put down expected outcomes are the wee learning goals within the EYFS. The early learning goals are the 17 learning and development requirements covered in the characteristics of effective learning the three prime and the four specific areas. The early learning goals summarise the knowledge, skills and understanding that whole young child should have gained by the end of their reply year. However, not all children will reach the early learning goals by this stage and as all children are unique, their learning will be fight downed by practitioners to help them progress at their pace. The Developmen t Matters in the Early Years Foundation Stage document provides, in detail, guidance for observing what children are learning. It also provides examples of what early years practitioners can do to enable environments and support positive relationships across all of each area.The documented outcomes are assessed and recorded in a variety of ways and come unitedly to help finalise the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile which is completed at the end of a childs reception year. Leading up to this point, the development of children will have been observed and their progress tracked. just about of the methods used to record progression towards the early learning goals are Daily observations when children are in sitting At nursery all staff observe all children, not just their keychildren.Theobservations are united to the EYFS and recorded in the childrens folders 2 year check this consists of a short written digest of a childs development when they are between 24 and 36 months Lea rning and Development Summary observations are used to complete this document on a termly basis for each child. These are shared at parent consultation appointments. Contributions from parents very useful as parents information is essential and helps support early learning in the home environment.

Domestic Violance

Essay preview UNIVERSITY DEGREE CRIMINOLOGY search project The purpose of this look proposition is to call off the ara of domestic forcefulness in heterosexual relationships and wherefore women find it difficult to leave shameful relationships. The proposal allow for start with a title which fundamentally indicates what the report is ab break. on that point allow be a literature review which covers the key literature apply for the study question questions for victims of domestic strength depart also be formulated to aid the study.The proposal go out address the interrogation design to be utilizationd as well as the methods of entropy collection and at the same meter emphasis result also be placed on the appropriateness of the method chosen. As pass judgment with e very(prenominal) research the proposal leave behind deal with manageable line of works that could be faced and how they will be addressed including honorable bug step forwards. The proposal will also address the timescale for this project outlining the research schedule and that should be concluded with a bibliography.Title Womens silence to domestic violence why several(prenominal) do no leave abusive relationships. Hypothesis People hold the view that women who look at non to leave those abusive relationships be passive. Aims of the investigation * To explore a range of social explanations for the ca use ups of advert partner violence. * To find out why women find it difficult to leave abusive relationships. * To develop an enlightening framework to victims of domestic violence and enlighten them on the policies of domestic violence. Context of study This proposed study is focusing on the data generated by social theorist on violence against women such as Bandura 19731who blueprint the reasons why some women find it difficult to leave abusive husbands. Hamilton Coates (1993)2 rightly stated that women who do non leave abusive relationships are often pathologi zed and blamed for their victimization. This is what generally happens and therefore the focus of attention is mooringed from the wrongs perpetrated by the abuser to people viewing the step as passive.Several theories have been put forward to try and let off why abused women do not leave their relationships for example that women tend not leave because they are economically dependant on the abuser3. Also Abbott, Johnson, Koziol and Lowenstein (1995)4 suggested that characteristics of the abuser such as charm may block off the woman from leaving the relationship. This research will pay particular attention to the current social self-confidence of women who do not leave abusive relationships are masochistic and are to blame for their situations5 and test out whether the theories put forward are still applicable in the upstart day times.The research will address this issue and help correct this grounded view of victims of abuse and provide useful discipline on domestic violence policies and laws that could rescue victims. Literature Review Literature review is integral to this research this will therefore focus on the research question and its importance. Attention will also be paying to where there are gaps in this field of research and how they will be addressed. It is also necessary to postulate whether it is beneficial to fill these gaps and identify who has made an attempt to fill them. The importance of the research question is that it addresses the issue of intimate partner violence and how the violence is learned in the socialization of family life6 and why women tend not leave those abusive relationships. There has not been much focus on the type research that I am carrying out recently. Most of the theoretical data that I managed to get hold of was on selective information gathered in the early 1980s to mid 90s. Changes within the society as well as technology means that the above factors might not be as accurate as to why women do not leave t heir abusive husbands.Therefore my research is important in that fresh data from the twenty dollar bill first century will be compiled and will give a clearer view of why modern day women still take a breather in violent relationships. It will also provide a interchange in the negative social assumptions society holds of women who stay in abusive relationships and provide a shift from these assumptions. Similar research has been carried out by Dunn, 19897 , he give that the main reason why women stay is collectible to lack of options to doing to violent partners as well as the lack of support from family members.Newman, 19938 also effect that women see no point in leaving their relationships due to the lack of support by the very institutions that are supposed to provide assistance. The research aims to test this area and see whether it is still applicable. Carlson 19979 found that a history of violence tags along future emotional aspects which entrap women thus complicating t he move of leaving an abusive partner. When combined the above factors have implications on how domestic violence is interpreted and the perceptions held on women in abusive relationships.Lastly the research aims to raise awareness on domestic violence, 2007-2008 statistics by the British Crime Survey found that domestic violence cases had increased compared to statistics from 199510. Methodology and research design Research design is used to disturb to the stages and processes which connect research questions to data (Punch, 1998)11 therefore the design aims to connect the research with the data. I am personnel casualty to use the triangulation method for this research12, and this is whereby more than oneness method is used to gather data.According to (Brannen, 1992)13 the use of more than one method is regarded as a complementary technique which means that problems associated with strategy may be even off for by the strengths of the former(a). The other reason why I am using the triangulation method is that different methods are appropriate in different research settings and for collecting different types of data. Because my research is quite complex I found this to be the best way to get accurate research after which the results will be combines to give one conclusion to the hypothesis.The qualitative serving of the research will employ swindle-structured interviews and the quantitative component will use a postal self completion questionnaire. The complementary use of these methods is a master and tried and tested methodology14. To start off the research the quantitative method I am passage to use for is a postal self completion questionnaire. This is whereby the respondents answer questions by completing the questionnaire themselves. The questions will be closed questions and require the respondent to circle yes, no and dont know (sample of questions attached).The purpose of this is to obtain a substitute sample of women who will be of interes t to the research who will then be called in for a semi-structured interview. The main reason for using the self-completion questionnaire is that they are considered as a way of discing values, attitudes and behaviours of the targeted population and the data is generated in a systematic manner by providing the respondents with the same questions and recording their responses in a organized manner15 .Also they are reliable in that they eliminate the differences in the way the questions are phrased and how they are presented to the respondents. The questionnaire will record the respondents experiences of intimate partner domestic violence and find out basic background information on why women stay in abusive relationships. At this stage particular attention will be paid to ethical and safety issues that come with intimate domestic partner violence. The questionnaire will contain a statement assuring the respondents of confidentiality alongside a secret code number to ensure anonymit y. ? I am aware of the drawbacks that come with this type of quantitative method which may include non response by some respondents. The questionnaire will include a covering letter explaining the aims of the research, its importance and why the recipient has been selected and most importantly it will feature guarantees of confidentiality. The questionnaire will be accompanied by a reply stamped addressed gasbag and there will be a follow up on individuals who do not respond approximately three weeks after the first mailing16.This should improve the response rate and from then respondents will be called in for an in depth interview. For the qualitative component I am going to conduct semi structured interviews. The main advantage of using qualitative methods of research is that this type of research is concerned with arrest how people behave the way they do therefore it allows the theaters to give dilate, richer answers. This type of research also acts as a forerunner to other t ypes of research for example quantitative research which may leave out valuable areas of research.I chose this type of method for the research because as highlighted it gives me a chance to exploit very detailed data which cannot be covered by quantitative analysis. It also uses subjective information therefore it is more representative of the women being studied. The interviews will be designed to have the pace be detected by the interviewee the majority of the questions will be formulated in the interview which means that the interviewee is able to tell apart to verbalize about a subject that he/she feels emotionally comfortable with.The interviews will operate in an dissonant framework and there will be two way communication between the interviewer and interviewee which paves way for the use of emotions, the interviewer can relate to what the interviewee has been through to some extent. At the same time since this is a sensitive subject procedures of ethics will be observed to ensure that the interviewees confidentiality is not breached. Ethical considerations Ethics are a set of moral standards by which people regulate their behaviour17 therefore it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure that the research is carried out in an ethical manner.The British Sociological Association 2005 (BSA)18 set out guidelines which were to be followed by researchers when carrying out research. It is essential for my research that it is clearly stated to the interviewees that they are free to withdraw from the research process anytime and at the same time it is my responsibility that the interviewees are informed about what the research process entails and what the findings will be used for.As my research will be about the sensitive topic of domestic violence it is essential that I observe these guidelines, this benefits me as the researcher as well as the interviewees safety. Ellsberg Heise (2002)19 highlighted that the main ethical concern related to resear ching violence against women is the potential to inadvertently cause distress therefore to avoid causing distress the interviews will be structured in a way that the interviewee controls the subjects to be discussed therefore will be able to discuss issues they emotionally capable to. ? It is my ethical responsibility to ensure confidentiality of the participants is preserved, I will ensure that participants will not use their real names but instead they will choose a unique code which identifies them and if there is a need to pass on details to other researchers this will ensure that their identity is protected, this also extends to data that is electronically stored.I am also aware that due to the nature of qualitative research methods interviewees might find themselves divulging information that they might regret later (Lee, 2003)20 so to ensure confidentiality I will break the link between information provided and the interviewees, this way anonymity is retained. There will also be a consent form to come with the research this will draft the interviewees rights to withdrawal at any time and assurances of anonymity as per BSA 2005. After the interviews take place, any information on relevant agencies and organisations will be passed on to the interviewees so that they get help when and if needed. 1 proscribe to performance As with all research there will be obstructions to the ways in which the research is carried out as well as the way in which the data is accessed. A major problem might be that some women will not be willing to discuss issues of domestic violence for fear of retaliation by the perpetrator the use of a confidentiality guarantee is aimed at assuring the interviewees. The use of triangulation means that the targets will be harder to achieve due to time constraints, therefore to combat this I will ensure that the research is carried out on a small scale and at the same time not putting accuracy in jeopardy.Time scale of research The rese arch will take 6-9calendar months to complete. send out of questionnaires will take place within the first fortnight of funding approval. The interviews are expected to take place after the data from the survey has been processed and this should be by the fifth month leaving time for results from the interviews to be processed. In conclusion what this research proposal has achieved is to do is highlight the elements of the research and the difficulties that are likely to be faced in the process. 1 Bandura, A. (1973), Aggression A social encyclopedism analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall Hamilton, B. , & Coates, J. (1993) Perceived helpfulness and use of professional services by abused women. daybook of family violence, 8, 313-324 3 Sullivan, C. , Tan, C. , Basta, J. , Rumptz, M. , & Davidson, W. (1992). An advocacy intervention program for women with abusive partners Initial evaluation. American ledger of community of interests Psychology, 20 309-332 4 Abbott, J. , Johns on, R. , Koziol-McLain, J. , & Lowenstein, S. R. (1995). Domestic violence against women Incidence and prevalence in an emergency department population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(22), 1763-1767 Walker, L. E. (1984), The battered woman syndrome, New York Springer 6 Kalmuss, D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19 7 Dunn, L. L. (1989). The lived experience of fear in battered women. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham 8 Newman, K. (1993). Giving up Shelter experiences of battered women. Public Health Nursing, 10(2), 108-113 9 Carlson, B. E. (1997). A tune and coping approach to intervention with abused women. Family Relations, 46, 291-298 10 Home office statistics, http//www. omeoffice. gov. uk/rds/pdfs08/hosb0708summ. pdf 11 Punch, K. F. (1998) Introduction to kindly Research vicenary and Qualitative Approaches. London Sage. 12 Jupp, V. (1989) Method s of Criminological Research. London 13 Brannen, J. (1992) Mixing Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Aldershot Avebury 14 Sayer, A. (1992) Method in Social Science A Realist Approach. London Routledge 15 Crow, I. , & Semmens, N (2008) Chapter 5 Research by Reading In Researching Criminology, ed. Crow, I. , & Semmens, N Maidenhead, Open University Press, pp. 81-99 16 Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods, Second Edition Oxford University Press, New York 17 Lee-Treweek, G. (2000). Danger in the field risk and ethics in social research. London Routledge 18 British Sociological Association, Statement of Ethical Practice www. britsoc. org. uk/about/ethic. htm 19 Ellsberg, M and Haise,L(2000), Bearing Witness Ethics in domestic violence research, LanceT,Vol 3591599-1604 20 Lee, R. M. (1993) Doing research on sensitive topics. SAGE. 21 Arksey, H. , & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists An introductory resource with examples. London Sage